Knowledge-independent Invariance Rules for Copula Duration in Dungflies

In dung flies, copula duration decreases, and the proportional rate of sperm transfer increases, as male body size becomes larger. From a marginal value approach to optimal copula duration, we show that these relationships result in the product, , remaining approximately constant across the range of male body size. The expected proportion of a female's eggs fertilized by a copulating male, equivalent to 1 – e^–c·t , is likewise invariant with male body size. (Overbars and refer to the averages over female sizes). We assume that the information or cues a male can perceive about females forms a set of discrete recognition categories, each of which is uniquely recognizable by a male, but within which he cannot discriminate. There are then likely to be different male optima for the product between categories. But the invariance rules still hold within categories, independently of exactly what the recognition categories are, provided that all males perceive the same categories. For example, suppose that males of all sizes categorise females as either 'large', 'medium', or 'small'. Then though the optimal male strategy (product ) for (say) 'large' females may differ from the corresponding optima for the other two categories, it remains constant with male size across all the 'large' females. Further, the product should remain constant for all male sizes if we take the average across all females, or across any subset of recognition categories. We believe that these conclusions have general applicability and implications for optimal foraging under the marginal value theorem, and demonstrates how we can sometimes make predictions (e.g. the relation between copula duration and male body size in dungflies) without determining exactly what a forager 'knows'.     

Negotiating in the European Union: Comparing Perceptions of Eu Negotiators in Small Member States

Negotiation is one of the major tasks of the 15 member states comprising the European Union (EU). However, not much is known about the behavior and perceptions of those negotiating on behalf of these member states. On the basis of the responses to a survey of EU diplomats and civil servants of the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, and Portugal, an attempt has been made to develop a profile of "the" European Union Negotiator. The EU negotiator is less outspoken and more likely to compromise than an "ideal" profile of the diplomatic negotiator. While negotiators from these member states share important behavioral and attitudinal proclivities, they also differ in many significant ways. This healthy diversity of negotiating approaches is likely to be nurtured by the cooperative and synergistic atmosphere within the European Union.     

数字城市建设的保障体系研究

数字城市建设是一项复杂且投资巨大的信息化建设工程。因此 ,相关政策法规与保障体系是数字城市建设顺利进行的先决条件。作者指出 ,数字城市的保障体系主要应包括保证数字城市建设得以顺利进行并能不断完善的政策法规、标准规范、组织机构、资金支持、人才培养、安全保障机制等。为加强保障体系的建设 ,应加快政策制定的步伐 ;加强标准规范的制定 ;加大人才的培养力度。     

企业员工的职业生涯管理

本文阐述了职业生涯管理的内涵和重要性,并结合现阶段中国企业管理的实践,重点论述了职业培训、薪酬制度在员工职业生涯管理中的作用,分析了职业生涯管理的目标、运行规则、反馈制度等内容。     

现代城市创意经济简论

从城市经济形态演进的视角,论述了创意经济的内涵,认为创意经济是符合城市经济形态演进内在规律的高级形态;分析了创意经济在空间资源、产业结构、城市功能、创意人才、资源环境等方面对城市经济发展的贡献;提出了现代城市发展创意经济的途径.     

商业银行违规信息披露行为分析

当商业银行按照利润最大化原则确定的信息披露数量小于政府按照市场效率最大化原则确定的信息披露数量时,商业银行就产生了违规披露信息的动机,违规披露信息数量是两者的差额,是其违规披露信息的可能最大数量。但政府不会容许其存在,会通过提高执法严厉程度减少它,减少的最优数量决定于强制商业银行减少违规披露信息导致的社会边际成本等于社会边际收益。这表明,剩余的违规信息披露数量是政府所容许的,是商业银行的最优违规信息披露数量。     

国外养老基金投资规则与绩效的比较

由于政治和人口老龄化对传统的现收现付体制带来的财政压力，养老基金制度改革已经成为一个全球性课题。在一些国家，由于对部分或全部基金型养老基金投资限制的改革，不仅使养老基金行业受益，而且对资本市场发展也产生了积极的影响。本文通过对不同投资监管制度下养老基金投资绩效差异和对资本市场不同影响的分析，探讨中国养老基金投资监管制度的改革方向和政策选择。     

城市房屋拆迁存在的问题与对策

为适应我国市场经济的发展和住房制度改革的深化，我国从2001年11月1日起实施修订的“城市房屋拆迁管理条例”，一年多来取得了明显成效，但尚存一些问题。本重点论述存在的问题，并提出解决问题的对策     

会计理论的新视角——基于新制度经济学的分析框架

本文利用新制度经济学中的科斯定理、代理理论和制度变迁理论对会计学中的会计信息披露、激励制度 设计和会计准则发展三个方面的问题进行了剖析,试图运用新制度经济学的理论框架对会计理论给予全新的阐释。